Essentiality of antioxidant vitamins for ruminants in relation to stress and reproduction

The naturally occurring antioxidants: vitamin E, β-carotene and vitamin C are known to ameliorate theoxidative stress generated during various physiological and pathological conditions. The oxidative stress mayoccur at different sites, different times, and by different mechanisms in the animal system. Lower levels ofthe anti-oxidant vitamins are associated with poor fertility and production levels in ruminants. Theseantioxidants need to be replenished/regenerated or supplemented at appropriate timings in order to optimizethe ruminant health and productive/reproductive performance.